Comparative study on sensory integration function in children with primary nocturnal enuresis / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the sensory integration function in children with primary nocturnal enuresis (PNE).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The sensory integration function was assessed by the Childhood Sensory Integration Ability Development Checklist in 70 children with PNE and was compared with that in 74 normal children(control group).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The incidence of sensory integration dysfunction (76%) in the PNE group were significantly higher than that in the control group (35%; P<0.01). Severe sensory integration dysfunction occurred in more children in the PNE group compared with the control group (39% vs 18%; P<0.01). The scores of all sensory integration indexes revealed by sensory integration function testing in the PNE group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The majority of children with PNE have sensory integrative dysfunction which presents in various aspects. It is necessary to assess the sensory integration function in children with PNE.</p>

Relationship between dopamine D4 receptor gene polymorphisms and primary nocturnal enuresis / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study polymorphisms of dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) in children with primary nocturnal enuresis (PNE) and explore the relationship between DRD4 gene polymorphisms and PNE.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Genomic DNA was isolated from leukocytes in 86 unrelated children with PNE and in 100 healthy unrelated children (controls). Polymorphisms of DRD4-1240L/S, -616C/G and -521C/T were genotyped by allele-specific primer PCR.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There were significant differences in allele frequencies (x2=8.13, P<0.05) and genotypes frequencies (x2=6.23, P<0.05) of DRD4-616C/G between PNE patients and healthy controls. The frequency of haplotype LCT consisting of 3 function polymorphic sites DRD4-1240L/S, -616C/G and -521C/T in PNE patients was statistically higher than that in healthy controls (x2=5.88, P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The change of C to G of DRD4-616 may affect the induction and transcription of DRD4 gene. The haplotype LCT consisting of 3 function polymorphic sites DRD4-1240L/S, -616C/G and -521C/T may synergistically inhibit the transcription activity of DRD4 gene. This might lead to a reduction of DRD4 protein expression and cause nocturnal enuresis.</p>

Effectiveness of oral osmotic-methylphenidate in treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Methylphenidate is recommended as a first-line modality for treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In the past, immediate release methylphenidate (IR-MPH) was used for ADHD. Now oral osmotic-methylphenidate (OROS-MPH) is used for ADHD in China. This study was designed to investigate the efficacy and safety of OROS-MPH for treatment of ADHD in children.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Ninety-nine children with ADHD were randomly administered with OROS-MPH (18 mg/time, once daily) and IR-MPH (5 mg/ time, twice or three times per day). After 6 weeks of treatment, the therapeutic effects were evaluated by the SNAP-IV and the IVA-CPT.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Fifty patients completed the 6-week treatment. The effective rate (83.3% vs 75%) and the complete remission rate (44% vs 25%) in the OROS-MPH treatment group were higher than that in the IR-MPH treatment group. There were statistically significant differences in the SNAP-IV and IVA-CPT scores before and after treatment in the two groups (P<0.01). The two groups had a similar incidence of side effects during treatment.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>OROS-MPH for the treatment of ADHD is effective and safe in children, and its once-daily administration is more convenient.</p>

Value of integrated visual and auditory continuous performance test in the diagnosis of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the value of the integrated visual and auditory continuous performance test (IVA-CPT) in the diagnosis of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>IVA-CPT was performed in 153 children (6-15 years old) with suspected ADHD. The "gold standard" for the diagnosis of ADHD was based on the Chinese Classification and Diagnostic Criteria of Mental Disease (3rd version) (CCMD-3) or the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th version, USA) (DSM-IV).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>When CCMD-3 was used as the "gold standard", the sensitivity and specificity of IVA-CPT for the diagnosis of ADHD were 72.7% and 46.0% respectively. There were no significant differences in the diagnostic positive detection rate between the two diagnostic ways. When DSM-IV was used as the "gold standard", the sensitivity and specificity of IVA-CPT for the diagnosis of ADHD were 71.6% and 56.5% respectively. There were no significant differences in the diagnostic positive detection rate between the two diagnostic ways. There were similar results in the identification of subtypes of ADHD by the two diagnostic ways. The sensitivity and specificity of IVA-CPT for the diagnosis of ADHD in the 10-15 years old group were lower than those in the 6-9 years old group when either CCMD-3 or DSM-IV was used as the "gold standard".</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>IVA-CPT can be used as an assisted tool for the diagnosis of ADHD. It is more effective for the diagnosis of ADHD in younger children.</p>

Intelligence level and intelligence structure of children with primary nocturnal enuresis / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Some research has shown that there may be memory/caution (M/C) defects in children with primary nocturnal enuresis (PNE). This study aimed to investigate whether the defects affect the intelligence level and the intelligence structure in PNE children.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Intelligence tests were performed by means of Wechsler Young Children Scales of Intelligence (C-WISC) in 40 children with PNE and 40 age-matched normal children.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The full intelligence quotient (FIQ), verbal IQ (VIQ) and performances IQ (PIQ) in the PNE group were in a normal range and did not different from the control group. There were significant differences in the scores for digit extent, decipher, knowledge and arithmetics between the PNE and the control groups (P < 0.05). M/C factor in the PNE group was statistically lower than in the control group (93.44 +/-11.27 vs 100.03 +/-11.79; P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The total intelligence level of children with PNE was normal, but the M/C factor in the intelligence structure had some defects, suggesting that PNE may be related to the abnormity of executive function in the frontal lobe.</p>

Roles of fluoxetine and haloperidol in mouse models of DOI-induced head twitch response / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To develop a mouse model to mimic the behavioral and neurochemical changes of Tourette syndrome (TS) by 1-(2, 5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI) induction and to investigate the effects of fluoxetine and haloperidol on head twitch response (HTR) induced by DOI.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>1) Preparation of mouse model of TS: Forty mice were randomly divided into experimental and control groups (n=20 each). DOI (1 mg/kg) was administered by peritoneal injection in the experimental group. The control group was injected with normal saline. The levels of dopamine (DA) and homovanillic acid (HVA), the metabolite of DA, in both groups were measured by high performance liquid chromatography and electrochemical detection. 2) Effects of fluoxetine and haloperidol on HTR: Eighty mice were randomly administered with either fluoxetine (2 mg/kg), haloperidol (0.8 mg/kg), fluoxetine + haloperidol or normal saline. DOI (1 mg/kg) was peritoneally injected 20 minutes later (acute trial) or 18-20 hrs after a 21 days injection of fluoxetine or haloperidol (chronic trial). The frequency of DOI induced HTR was observed immediately after DOI injection.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The levels of DA and HVA in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group (DA: 45.00 +/-11.24 ng/mg vs 58.16 +/-14.51 ng/mg; HVA:10.54 +/-1.86 ng/mg vs 12.82 +/-2.66 ng/mg). In both acute and chronic trials, the frequency of DOI-induced HTR decreased significantly in mice administered with haloperidol alone or together with fluoxetine (P < 0.05), but it did not change significantly in mice administered with fluoxetine alone compared with the normal saline group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The levels of DA and HVA are reduced in mice with DOI-induced HTR. DOI-induced mouse mode of HTR can mimic the neurochemical and behavioral changes of TS paritially. Haloperidol can inhibit DOI-induced HTR in mice, but fluoxetine can not.</p>

Clinical Application of Integrated Visual and Auditory Continuous Performance Test on Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder at Different Ages / 实用儿科临床杂志

0.05).Coincidence both of them in subtypes of ADHD diagnosed by 2 different ways were lower than 50% in the 6.0-6.9 and over 10.0 years old groups,but coincidence both of them were higher than 60% in 7.0-7.9,8.0-8.9,9.0-9.9 years old groups.What's more,there were significant differences though ?2 variance analysis in subtypes of ADHD by 2 different ways(Pa